Fusarium solani Upregulated Sesquiterpene Synthase Expression,Sesquiterpene Production and Allelopathic Activity in Piper betle L.

Activators of sesquiterpene synthase (STS) gene expression and sesquiterpene production in Piper betle L. were examined using quantitative real time PCR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods, and the allelopathic activity of untreated and Fusarium solani-treated betel extracts was tested on seed germination and on the shoot and root growth of Thai rice variety PSL2 (Oryza sativa cv. Phitsanulok 2) and three dominant paddy weeds (Eclipta prostrata, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chloris barbata). The results demonstrated that F. solani dramatically upregulated STS expression and productions of β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D sesquiterpene when compared with the untreated control, and that betel extracts had a greater inhibitory effect on weeds than on rice. The effects were more clearly detected on seed germination and root growth than on shoot growth, and they were found to be dose-dependent. It is also noted that F. solani-treated extract had stronger effects than the untreated extract. The species most sensitive to the allelopathic effects was C. barbata, germination of which was completely inhibited even at a dose of 0.1 mg/mL untreated extract. With regards to rice, although betel extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed no inhibition on germination, it affected the elongation of rice roots, in addition to those of the tested weeds. The obtained data suggested that F. solani has potential as an activator of sesquiterpene allelochemical production via STS expression, the latter leading to the treated betel extract having a stronger phytotoxic effect. These results were beneficial in the promotion of natural herbicide production using biotechnology.     

膜下滴灌技术的应用

膜下滴灌技术实现了覆膜种植与滴灌的有机结合,为农业抗旱保产提供技术选择,并在辽宁西部干旱地区得到一定范围的应用。介绍膜下滴灌的技术内容及其系统构成,分析该技术的优点,并结合在阜蒙县的应用验证该技术效果,提出推广建议。     

浅圆仓膜下氮气气调膜上控温储粮试验

通过改造浅圆仓测温电缆,实现了浅圆仓膜下充氮气调和膜上中央空调控温,提高了卸粮口、大门口、通风口等死角的害虫致死率。将浅圆仓氮气气调杀虫与控温储粮相结合,实现了储粮安全度夏。     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况，在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园，分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示，分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长，农化土壤酸性土比例增加；背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%，碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%，有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%；背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%，有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%；农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%，有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言，土壤养分状况中等偏差；与背景土壤相比，农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重，其它养分含量则有所上升。     

日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育效果的分析

通过对日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林的调查分析,结果表明:日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育降低了培育成本,提高了生态效益,混交林培育28a后,林分生长稳定,生产力较高;混交林中的植物种类丰富,数量较多,各层次的物种多样性指数均好于人工营造的日本落叶松与白桦针阔混交林和日本落叶松纯林;日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林,对恢复森林生态原始林貌有一定促进作用。     

浅谈阜新蒙古族自治县玉米膜下滴灌农艺措施

以玉米膜下滴灌栽培技术研究成果为依据，总结了辽宁省阜新蒙古族自治县东部地区推广应用该成果的具体措施，并提出相应对策。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

膜下滴灌下玉米需水规律及优化灌溉制度研究

为了探索适宜于赤峰地区玉米的最佳滴灌灌溉定额和节水效果,在赤峰市松山区当铺地乡南平房村示范基地内进行了田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌方式下玉米地土壤含水量变化情况、玉米需水规律、玉米产量和水分利用效率WUE的变化。结果表明:1在玉米苗期的土壤含水量变化不大,在玉米拔节期土壤含水量升高,在玉米抽穗期土壤含水量急剧下降,在灌浆阶段土壤含水量下降的程度加快,在玉米成熟期土壤含水量维持在较低水平;2玉米需水量基本上呈现为苗期小,拔节期大,抽穗期-成熟期小的规律,需水高峰期出现在拔节期,最大需水量为117.23mm(GGDE4);3通过对2013年不同水分处理的玉米产量和WUE与全生育期总耗水量之间进行回归分析,得出玉米产量与耗水量之间、WUE与耗水量之间呈开口向下的二次抛物线关系;4平水年膜下滴灌玉米的优化灌溉制度为全生育期共灌水5次,第一次灌溉时间选择在播种后2~5d,第二次灌溉选择在5月下旬为佳,第三次宜选择在7月中旬的玉米抽穗期阶段,第四次选择在8月上旬的玉米灌浆期最佳,第五次灌溉选择在8月中旬,灌水定额除播种后定植座苗水为180m3/hm2外,其余均为300m3/hm2。     

四川地区区域性果树的园林观赏性综合评价

对四川地区10种区域性果树进行了观赏性的综合评价,以期为其在园林绿化中的应用提供参考资料。采用灰度关联分析法,选择了花量与花色、花期、果形与果色、挂果期、株形和株高6个指标,对四川地区10种区域性果树的园林观赏性进行综合评价。结果表明,石榴的观赏性与理想果树最接近。其次是荔枝、脆红李、甜樱桃、水蜜桃、柠檬、苹果、雷波脐橙、五星枇杷和红心猕猴桃,其中五星枇杷（γ5=0.5960）和红心猕猴桃的观赏性较差（γ6=0.5715）。石榴、荔枝、脆红李、甜樱桃和水蜜桃的观赏性较好,可广泛的应用于园林绿化。     

滴灌施肥周期和毛管布设方式对苹果树细根直径时空分布的影响

为探明不同滴灌施肥策略对苹果树细根直径的调控效应,于2019—2021年开展二因素二水平完全组合设计田间试验,毛管布设方式设置一行一管和一行两管,施肥周期设置15 d和30 d,采用微根管原位监测技术,分苹果树正南、正西及东北3个方位和0～19、19～38、38～57、57～76 cm不同深度土层,持续观测苹果树活跃生长期内细根直径的动态变化,分析了苹果树细根直径对毛管布设方式和施肥周期的响应。结果表明：细根直径主要集中在0.5～1.5 mm范围内,约占90%,0～0.5 mm和1.5～2.0 mm直径的细根占比很少。在夏季之前,直径≤1.0 mm的细根增多;夏季之后,细根直径加粗,直径>1.0 mm的细根迅速增加。相较于施肥周期15 d,施肥周期30 d在2020年6—11月和2021年4—7月均能增加细根直径;在大部分土层中,施肥周期30 d会增加细根直径,施肥周期15 d会减小细根直径;在2020年正南和东北方向上,施肥周期15 d会减小细根直径,施肥周期30 d会增加细根直径。一行一管较一行两管在2020年和2021年8月均能增加细根直径;在浅中层土壤(0～38 cm土层...